图片来源:pixabay
美国科学家进行的一项研究对本世纪不同排放场景下的冰川质量损失进行了新的预测。相关研究1月5日发表于《科学》。
研究表明,根据当今减缓气候变化的努力,本世纪全球可能损失多达41%,或者至少26%的冰川。
这些预测将被汇总到全球温度变化场景中,补充有关气候变化的讨论内容,例如在《联合国气候变化框架公约》第27次缔约方大会(COP27)上进行的讨论。
卡内基·梅隆大学土木与环境工程助理教授David Rounce团队发现,如果继续投资化石燃料,在未来场景中,按质量计算超过40%的冰川将在本世纪内消失,而按照数量计算,超过80%的冰川可能会消失。在最好的低碳排放场景下,全球平均温度的上升相对于工业化前水平被限制在1.5℃以内,但按质量计算仍有超过25%的冰川质量将消失,按照数量计算则有近50%的冰川将消失。
按照冰川的标准,这些消失的冰川大多数都很小(不到1平方公里),但它们的消失会对当地的水文、旅游、防灾和文化价值产生负面影响。
该研究为区域冰川建模提供了更好的背景,Rounce希望这有助于促使气候政策制定者将温度变化目标降低到2.7℃以内——这是《联合国气候变化框架公约》第26次缔约方大会(COP26)承诺的目标。
如果温度上升超过2℃,则欧洲中部、加拿大西部和美国等地的较小冰川将受到不成比例的影响。如果温度上升3℃,这些地区的冰川几乎将完全消失。
Rounce指出,冰川对气候变化的反应需要很长时间。他将冰川描述为流动极其缓慢的河流。今天的减排努力并不能消除以前排放的温室气体,也不能阻止温室气体对气候变化的影响。这意味着即使完全停止碳排放,其正面效应也需要30年至100年才能反映在冰川质量损失率上。
许多因素决定了冰川质量的流失,Rounce的研究推动了用模型解析不同类型的冰川的研究,包括潮汐冰川和碎片覆盖的冰川。前者指漂于海洋的冰川,这导致它们在这个边界失去了很多质量。后者则指被沙子、岩石和巨石覆盖的冰川。
Rounce此前的研究表明,碎屑覆盖层厚度和分布可能对整个区域的冰川融化速率产生积极或消极影响,这取决于碎屑的厚度。在这项最新研究中,他发现,解释这些过程对全球冰川预测的影响相对较小,但在分析单个冰川时却发现了质量损失的巨大差异。
该模型还使用前所未有的大量数据进行了校准,包括对每个冰川的单独质量变化进行观测,从而提供了冰川质量变化的更完整、更详细的图像。可以说,超级计算机对于支持最先进校准方法的应用和不同排放场景的大规模集成必不可少。(王方)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)